The Role of Nurse Practitioners Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Role of Nurse Practitioners - Term Paper Example Education The minimum educational requirements for admission into PA programs are at least two years of undergraduate coursework in the basic and behavioral sciences. PA programs must be accredited by the Accreditation Review Commission on Education for the Physician Assistant. On average, an institution consists of 27 months of instructional and clinical content focusing on the care of patients over the lifespan (Ponte & O’Neill, 2013). Over the years â€Å"PA training has evolved into an advanced competency-based and accredited educational program, with the broad core curriculum content resembling that of medical school training† (Atwater et al, 2008, p. ...   involves inpatient and outpatient rotations in various settings including family and internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology and obstetrics, general surgery, psychiatry, and emergency medicine (Atwater et al, 2008, p. 729).Contingent on the program, the PA student has conferred a Master’s, Bachelor’s, Associate’s, or Certificate degree. To attain licensure, all PA students take the same certifying exam administered by the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants (Ponte & O’Neill, 2013). NP programs, graduate programs based on the nursing model, are approved by the state board of nursing and are accredited by a national nursing accreditation body such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2013; Ponte & O’Neill, 2013). Dependent on the NP program, the average minimum requirement for admission is a baccalaureate degree in nursing or a baccalaureate degree in another fie ld (Ponte & O’Neill, 2013). In either case, to begin the program, a student must first obtain a registered nursing (RN) license in the state the school operates. Additionally, a majority of NP programs require the student to have at least one year of experience as an RN. Programs include two years of classroom instruction and clinical rotations; additionally, students must undergo a minimum of 500 clinical hours to complete requirements (Atwater et al, 2008; Cross, Boukus, Samuel & Yee, 2013).Moreover, unlike the PAs, NPs choose an area of specialization.

The Signalman and The Red Room are well known examples of nineteenth :: English Literature

The Signalman and The Red Room are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories How effectively do the authors of â€Å"The Red Room† and â€Å"The Signalman† create a sense of suspense in the story "The Signalman" and "The Red Room" are well known examples of nineteenth century ghost stories. The Signalman by Charles Dickens was written in 1865, which was the time of developing literacy. This short story was presented in three parts as it was previously in a periodical form; this technique was also used to create suspense and therefore leaves the reader at a cliff hanger after each episode, which in turn motivates the reader to read on. There were many rumors about this story as many people suggested that Dickens wrote this story as a remembrance of the day he was involved in a railway accident which killed ten people. Furthermore, He was writing in the Victorian times, when there was a massive change in technology as new inventions were created, e.g. the Train. In comparison The Red Room was written only thirty years later in 1894 by HG Wells although it feels more timeless. At that time technology had improved intensely, nevertheless Wells still imitated the old fashion gothic literature style writing, which is ironic, due to the time. Both stories have managed to engage its audience by creating suspense and tension. Besides that both stories have been written in first person, this in sequence makes it sinister, in a way because we get to know the narrator’s impressions and feelings. The authors of both stories have selected discomforting places in which to set their story, they are made more eerie because that in the 19th century time many people believed in ghosts and the supernatural. First of all The Signalman is located in a very isolated place, as the narrator describes â€Å"as solitary and dismal a place as I ever saw† This suggest that it is a remote, despondent place which is suitable for the supernatural to exist. Before even meeting the Signalman, the narrator says â€Å"steeped in the glow of an angry sunset† and â€Å"so little sunlight that it had an earthy, deadly smell† the use of pathetic-fallacy and symbolism suggests that it’s getting dark and describes a sense of imminent death. The reader is also told it is â€Å"this great dungeon† the oxymoron used suggests confinement; a place where it’s hard to escape, this therefore makes it more sinister in a way as dungeons are dark and cold and give a sense of fear. The darkness prominently reduces visibility between the narrator and the signalman as said â€Å"'I was near enough to have touched him† and

Relationship Between Public and Private Policing Essay

Abstract This paper will explore the historical relationship between public and private policing. It will also discuss how the relationship has changed in recent years. Relationship Between Public and Private Policing Since the terrorist attacks that struck inside the heart of our country on 11 September 2001, civilian law enforcement agencies have been busy performing not only their regular duties of crime prevention and response, but also taking on a large number of homeland security functions and all of this during a time when local, state and federal budgets are ever tightening. Similarly, private security institutions are under comparable pressure to carry out their traditional duties to provide protection of information, property and people, as well as sharing the additional duties of homeland security. Despite the fact that public and private police organizations share the same ultimate goal of protecting the public, they do not have a long history of working well together. Security officers have historically been looked down upon by law enforcement personnel. Some police feel that there is a definite lack of pre-employment screening, certification, training, standards, and regulation of security officers. Other police officers feel that security personnel receive insufficient training, especially those who carry weapons. Another perception that some police have is the view that security officers are those who couldn’t make it as law enforcement officers so they settled for a career in security. Meanwhile, some security officers view police as snobs who do not have an understanding of the range of capabilities, functions and resources offered by the private security field and thus fail to appreciate the role they can play. Private policing really got its start in the U.S. in the mid-1800s with the  foundation of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency in Chicago Illinois by Allan Pinkerton, the first man to be appointed as a detective in the Chicago Police Department. Since the federal government did not have personnel that could follow criminals across state lines, and local police personnel were ill equipped to handle the job, the Pinkerton Agency was hired to deal with criminal gangs (BSIS, n.d.). The company also performed many duties that are now handled by federal and state law enforcement agencies such as guarding railroads, conducting criminal investigations, and providing security advice to banks and other businesses. â€Å"Policing is not necessarily the exclusive dominion of government, but rather a ‘service’ that could be assumed either by public or private agencies† (Elizabeth Joh, 2004). According to the Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2000 th ere were 797,000 law enforcement officers employed in the United States by local, state and federal agencies. In comparison, private security organizations throughout the country employed roughly two million security officers (National Policy Summit, 2004). With these numbers it only makes sense for there to be a cooperative relationship between public and private police agencies. Joining the capabilities of the two sides would benefit each profession and greatly enhance the protection level that could be afforded to the citizens of this country. For example, the public police agencies usually receive more current threat information, while the private police agencies tend to maintain control over the areas or facilities that are considered vulnerable to attack. It has been estimated that â€Å"85 percent of the country’s critical infrastructure is protected by private security organizations† (National Policy Summit, 2004). One factor that I believe has had a positive impact on improving relations between public and private police agencies is the crossover of personnel. Many times when law enforcement personnel at the local, state or federal level retire from their agencies, they tend to take on positions of employment with in the private police field as Directors or other higher level positions due to the degree of their experience. These personnel maintain their contacts from within the law enforcement realm which can facilitate opportunities for much needed training and education of security officers, as well as increased probabilities for the sharing of information between agencies. Another aspect which is closely related is the hiring of  off-duty police officers to perform private security functions and details. Many companies feel that hiring an off-duty police officer to perform private security functions can be an effective crime deterrent when there is a visible police officer presence. Most public police agencies allow their officers, with advanced permission from the department, to work security duties or details while wearing their police uniform and even operating their department issued police vehicle. Another advantage of hiring off-duty police officers is that they maintain the power of arrest and use of force at all times, whether on or off-duty. So when a crime occurs, you already have a police presence on scene that can handle the matter. There are even some police agencies which are actually commercializing their services. According to Massimiliano Mulone, â€Å"police organizations are selling the services they provide to private individuals/organizations, from renting off-duty police officers to offering training for the private security workforce† (2012). There are some negative aspects to hiring off-duty police personnel to perform private security duties. First of all, the average police officer will charge at least twice as much as the hourly wage a typical security officer will be paid. Another issue to consider is the fact that some police officers will not perform some of the more menial tasks that a regular security officer would be required to perform as par t of their normal duties. Additionally, since the police officer is not depending on this part time job as a primary source of income, they may not put the same level of devotion into completing the tasks of the position as a security officer that is performing this job as their primary source of employment. Furthermore, â€Å"recent research finds that that fatigue associated with overtime and outside employment may contribute to accident and injuries involving police officers and may lead to more citizen complaints† (James Brunet, 2008). Another issue of concern is that while a police officer is performing in an off-duty capacity as a security officer, they can be called away from these duties to assist on-duty officers with incidents that occur nearby. Lastly, a company that hires off-duty police personnel to work in a private security capacity must be aware that there are unique legal issues to be considered, such as when Miranda warnings should be used and under what cir cumstances searches may be authorized. In almost every major city throughout the country, shopping malls, hospitals, apartment complexes, university campuses and housing associations depend on various private police organizations for security. Evidence shows that private policing has considerably decreased crime rates in neighborhoods across the country. â€Å"After the ‘Grand Central Partnership,’ an organization of over 6,000 businesses, hired a private security force to guard a 70 block area in the midtown Manhattan area, crime rates dropped by 20 percent after two years, by 36 percent after three years and 53 percent after five years† (Kai Jaeger and Edward Stringham, 2011). Another example of this statement is the â€Å"introduction of private policing by Critical Intervention Services in a low-income area of Florida that reduced crime rates an average of 50 percent† (Jaeger and Stringham, 2011). The greater the number of private property establishments that can be covered by private police agencies will allow the public police officers to concentrate their efforts on responding to the more significant crimes. The reality is that government agencies are being required to do more with less, cut budgets and ultimately cut the number of public police officers that are needed to protect the public. On the other side of the issue, private security organizations are constantly growing and providing more professional and better trained security officers in order to stay competitive in the private policing field. In many instances it is getting harder to distinguish between the public and private police officers and the overall duties they can perform. By combining the efforts of the two spheres of responsibility it would greatly benefit both sides, as well as provide a higher level of protection for the citizens of this country. References Brunet, J. A., PhD. (2008). Blurring the line between public and private sectors: The case of police officers’ off-duty employment. Public Personnel Management, 37(2), 161-174. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.bellevue.edu:80/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/215949642?accountid=28125 Bureau of Security and Investigative Services. (n.d.) A Brief History. Retrieved from http://www.bsis.ca.gov/about_us/history.shtml Jaeger, K. and Stringham, E. (2011). National Center for Policy Analysis. Private policing options for the poor. Retrieved from http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba763 Joh, E. E. (2004). The Paradox of Private Policing. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 95(1), 49-131. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.bellevue.edu:80/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/218388345?accountid=28125 Mulone, M. (2012). When private and public policing merge: Thoughts on commercial policing. Social Justice, 38(1), 165-183. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.bellevue.edu:80/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1022716230?accountid=28125 National Policy Summit. (2004). Building Private Security/Public Policing Partnerships to Prevent and Respond to Terrorism and Public Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.theiacp.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=LNLjjcfSktQ%3D&tabid=432

What Is Thanksgiving Day Essay Sample

What can be more familiar than good old Thanksgiving Day, probably the most traditional of all holidays? Yet the holiday we celebrate nowadays on the fourth Thursday of November is very different from what it was intended as originally. And, frankly speaking, it is pretty hard to define what exactly is its real origin and how far back one has to go to uncover it. The matter is, almost all cultures, especially those with agricultural roots, have a kind of Thanksgiving day, usually celebrated in Autumn – people give thanks to whatever higher powers they believe in for the harvest. However, the holiday most people think about when they hear about the Thanksgiving day is much younger – most sources believe that it originates from 1621 celebration in the colony of Plymouth, founded by the Pilgrims who came to America on Mayflower. They had a lot to thank for – after arriving to the New World in late autumn they barely survived the following winter and were stranded far away from home, in a un unknown place with hostile nature and climate. However, they received help from natives, who taught them how to cultivate and prepare local plants – and the next autumn their toils were rewarded with unexpectedly bountiful harvest. The Pilgrims decided that such good luck called for a celebration, and thus the first Thanksgiving Day took place. In order to commemorate the help they received from natives, they invited about a hundred of them to this feast. However, at the time Thanksgiving day didn’t have a stable date and wasn’t even considered to be an annual celebration – in later years it was celebrated occasionally, but not every year. In addition to that, different towns and states had their own ideas of when it is supposed to be celebrated, which led to even more confusion. Thanksgiving Day turned into an important national holiday resembling what it is today only after the War for Independence – George Washington offered it as a day of country-wide thanksgiving and prayer. However, even after that there was no fixed date for the holiday – current tradition of celebrating it on the fourth Thursday of November is quite a young one – it dates back only to 1941. During its almost 400-year history, Thanksgiving Day underwent many changes and alterations. It started out as a purely religious festival, aimed at praising God for good harvest and general well-being: all family members took time to think about things they were grateful for and said their thanks out loud. However, in the course of time its nature changed, and today it is a purely secular holiday associated with family values and national spirit. It is one of the few days when an entire family is supposed to get together in the house of its oldest generation, thus reinforcing the blood ties between them and reminding that all of them should stick together and no matter how different they are there is still a lot of things they have in common. At its time of origin, American culture was a purely agricultural one, and thus Thanksgiving Day had an enormous symbolic and emotional meaning – after a year of hard work people finally got the results of their efforts and had a very good reason for festivities. Today, in modern urban America, Thanksgiving Day remains a beautiful tradition, but has lost most of its emotional impact. We are no longer tied to natural rhythms and are less dependent on how good our current harvest is – a lot of people have no idea about harvests and suchlike at all. But we still have a lot to thank for.