History And Its Impact On History - 808 Words

History is a course that contains a lot of fundamental information. It is a science that studies the past of the human race and the human civilizations, assists us to comprehend the present, so we have a better vision for the future. The History seeks to reconstitute the past event. For the reason, history has its objectives, methods. All the information of history is related to the time and space because the consideration of an historical event requires placing it in time and in a given space. By means of history, we understand and analyze the cultures of the past, and compare it with the present reality. In the same idea, history also help us to find solutions to some situations that had been lived in the past. History is being maintains intact for many generations through textbooks, oral sources (speeches, anecdotes, legends recording), Status. Authors of textbooks have taken advantage of their position as writers to manipulate the histories of the past. They do so because of groups of people who are dominant. Those groups are the governments, authors, medias, scientists, and religious leaders. History teaches at schools are not relevant with the events that occurred in the past. Zinn and Loewen had brought light to everything that have teaching at school about our history. They gave more details about our ancestors and told the story form another point of view. Our textbooks do not provide student with an accurate detail about he past in contrary they keep students awayShow MoreRelatedHistory And Its Impact On History1556 Words   |  7 Pagespeak at a current history lesson taught in a classroom, the common outsider will likely find nothing wrong with its content or presentation. They hear many famous names and key dates of the famous people and events of the past and do not bat an eyelash because they learned history i n the same way. On the other hand, if a historian were to walk into that same classroom, they would be incredibly disappointed by the fact that students are not really learning how to practice history. Granted, they probablyRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On Society1595 Words   |  7 PagesHistory has been a subject that brings people boredom, however the context behind it are more than just dates. In my full honestly, I have never liked history classes. I always thought that history were just dates, and it wasn’t important for me to learn and examine the deeper meaning of what it meant for our society. Many of the laws and how our society is running is because of the past events that occurred in history. History being a huge factor of how our society is working, we need to fully understandRead MoreHistory And Its Impact On America1289 Words   |  6 PagesMany points in history are very important because of how they happened and what effects those historical events made possible in the future. Without history America would not know where we came from or how we got to where we are today. History helps us as Americans make decisions that could improve our future as a country, because without history to lead us in the right direction we could constantly make the same mistakes over and over again. There are many important times in history that greatly influencedRead MoreHistory Of Atlantic Canadian History And Its Impact On Our World1493 Words   |  6 PagesSince 1971, there has been some important and innovative changes in Atlantic Canadian historiography that has made an impact on our world. One of the greatest landmark’s in Atlantic Canadian history, in my opinion, was the resurgence of treaties rights for the Mi’gmaq and Maliseet nation. Thus, my focus for this essay will be on Mi’gmaq historiography in regards to fishing and treaty rights in the maritimes. There have been three well known fishing disputes in Atlantic Canada , ranging from the 1981Read MoreThe Impact Of History And Counseling Theories1046 Words   |  5 PagesThe Impact of History and Counseling Theories We are in a time where countless individuals are under extreme forms of stress, etc. The National Alliance on Mental Health cites nearly Approximately 1 in 5 adults in the U.S., or 43.8 million, experiences mental illness in each year. Minority growth is increasing at a rapid pace in the United States. There is a growing need for culturally competent, sensitive therapists can interact with various diverse ethnic groups, LGBTQ, and the disabled. UnfortunatelyRead MoreThe Great Impact On American History1132 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout United States history, several presidents have stood out for making a big impact on shaping the foundation the nation was built on. Thomas Jefferson was elected as the nation’s third president in 1800 and served two terms (249). Andrew Jackson was elected as the nation’s seventh president in 1828 and also served two terms (349). Both presidents ultimately held the same ideals. Jackson actually considered himself a Jeffersonian Republic an, although Jefferson did not particularly like JacksonRead MoreThe History Of The Organization And The Impact Of Its Leaders1213 Words   |  5 PagesTheoretical Framework Understanding the tumultuous history of the organization and the impact of its leaders is instrumental in connecting the frameworks I choose for this project. While I believe most student affairs divisions’ lean towards servant leadership models, I found authentic leadership more appropriate given the complicated balance between student-centered efforts in diversity and access, and institutional mission of prestige and excellence. Authentic leadership ascended from the searchRead MoreAlexander The Great Impact On History783 Words   |  4 PagesJenna Layton Global Period 9 Mr Flynn Alexander The Great Throughout history, Alexander The Great had many major accomplishments. Prior to this, he also had a big impact on history. Through 336 to 323 bc, Alexander was the king of Macedon. Alexander The Great always wanted to have supreme power over humans. He also led a group called the Corinthian League. This league entrusted Alexander with many military power to fight with Persia. A little while after, he proceededRead MoreThe Impact Of Wwii On Jewish History1362 Words   |  6 PagesRoey Felluss Ms. Reynolds Academic Writing 7 December 11, 2015 The Impact of WWII on Jewish History In Germany in 1939, the German Nazis took down almost all of Europe, and on their way, 64.5 million people, including six million Jewish people. This war could have extinguished the Jewish culture. According to Holocaust Encyclopedia, this is some of the aftermath of the Holocaust (2). The Anglo-Americans discovered piles of corpses after WWII. Soldiers also found starving and sick Jewish and non-JewishRead MoreAmerican History And Its Impact On America1107 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican History American History and its people are extremely important to the health and progression of their nation. So may played a critical part in shaping this nation into what it is today. Even though many would love just to focus on the crisis and bad decisions that some have made. Our country is considered the land of the free, land of opportunity, land of dreams coming true. We can’t let bad choices by a few select cloud who we are and celebrate the great achievements we have made

Essay Language is Powerâ€Sexist Patriarchal Power - 1741 Words

â€Å"Language is power, life and the instrument of culture, the instrument of domination and liberation†- Angela Carter Language affects every aspect of our life, but we rarely question it; if we examine the words we use and the way we use them, we find a sexist patriarchal myth passed down from the ancient Greeks. Their leaders used the art of language to create a dichotomy between men and women, in order to retain power (Lecture Notes 2 Dec. 2011). For example, the two words we use to describe gender, masculine and feminine, limit us with their strict definitions. Sociologist Allan G. Johnson, in his The Gender Knot, defines â€Å"[masculine as] aggressive, daring, rational, emotionally inexpressive, strong, cool headed, in control of†¦show more content†¦This myth is an absolutist story that limits our capacities for greater social development. We —both men and women— must become actively aware of this pernicious myth, in order to overcome the obstacles women face as they seek greater social, political, and economic power. Language, myth, and power are three entangled elements we use to identify ourselves in a culture. National Public Radio’s Susan Stamberg interviewed Linguist Deborah Tannen on the effects language has on power (Tannen). Tannen explained that language builds connections between people, as time goes on these connections multiple and strengthen, increasing that person’s power. She gives the example of a supervisor’s relationships with their employees and employers, as they develop bonds and gain trust from their co-workers, they can later use these connections to advance their career (Tannen). Language builds connections and unites people. As people unite, they form a society and the people with the most connections gain more power. Society uses myth, as mythologist William Doty explains, to â€Å"model possibilities (both positive and negative) for the roles its citizens will enact† (28). The language people use holds power, because it constructs the myths that members of a culture use to dictate the roles of other members, thus distributing power.Show MoreRelatedEssay about Gender Issues in Religion1633 Words   |  7 Pagestheir impact on religious teaching and practice.[1] With some religions, their scriptures are considered to be infallible and therefore not to be questioned. So the question itself are religions sexist is a fairly new one. Some religions are thought of as being more sexist than others, but then there are also religions that that do not share the shame ideas amongst themselves, like Christianity, where attitudes towards these sorts of issues can change from denominationRead More, assess the contribution of feminist sociologists to an understanding of family roles and relationships.1085 Words   |  5 Pagesof them share certain characteristics in common; there is a fundamental division in society between men and women, that women are to some extent exploited by men and that society is male dominant or patriarchal this means â€Å"rule by the father† but is used by feminist to indicate that men have more power than women and the interest of men largely shapes how society is run. They believe that these theories are also critical of existing sociology arguing that it has a pro male bias. They call male-dominatedRead MoreHow I Met Your Mother Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pageswriters have created a setting in which many women of Barney’s past are shown to be insignificant through the stereotypes about women, the treatment of women as sexual objects, and the the inappropriate language used to describe these female characters. In creating a setting in which these sexist remarks are shown to be humorous, these attitudes towards women seem insignificant and trivial, revealing a larger problematic issue in which women are treated differently or even discriminated based onRead MoreThe Hebrew Prophets Are Filled With Varied Imagery And1539 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hebrew prophets are filled with varied imagery and language, from the colorful language of the visions Ezekiel’s Temple (Ez. 40-48), to the literary techniques of judgement oracles (Isa. 13), to the laments of Jeremiah (Jer. 12). However, no other rhetorical device should cause its audiences, both original and modern, to squirm with discomfort more than the prophetic metaphors that speak negatively of feminine sexuality and propagate misogynistic abuse towards women. These metaphors, graphicRead MoreThe Good Mother By Ellen Cronan Rose1115 Words   |  5 PagesMcIntosh 221). Language like this shows that som e people connect women with weakness, and that the earth and women need a strong man to save them. This goes to show that while some women may be empowered by the idea of a mother earth, others can abuse that idea and twist it into something that is oppressive. There are still sexist people out there- probably more than we are aware of- and they use the idea of mother earth, against women. Rose believes that in order to sway the tide of these sexist ideas,Read More Colonialism and Imperialism - The White Male and the Other in Heart of Darkness1061 Words   |  5 Pagesmost notably Chinua Achebe, have criticized it for its racist and sexist construction of cultural identity. Heart of Darkness can therefore be described as a text of its time, as the cultural identity of the dominant society, that is, the European male is constructed in opposition to the other, the other in Heart of Darkness being defined as black and/or female. Notions of cultural identity are largely constructed thr ough language and setting and are essential to the readers understanding of theRead MoreGiving An Education By Adrienne Rich Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagessexual identity all take part in creating systems of power and establishing privilege over certain communities (Shaw and Lee 32). CHAPTER 2. 1. Regimes of truth have an immensely strong base that stems from science and religion. Science represents one of those discourses that create meaning, whereas religion is ought to be marginalized. Considering that power is associated with knowledge, discourses such as science will always possess more power as they have a stronger foundation. However, familyRead MoreThe Body Politic : The Removal Of Agency And The Struggle For Power1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe Body Politic: The Removal of Agency and the Struggle for Power The demand for sexual services is a universal constant in human society—from the sexual slavery of the Indo-Asian colonial period, to contemporary Canada, the relation between sex and power is an undisputed fact. Prostitutes and concubines are and were people who struggled with power historically due to their positions in society and their occupations; they have struggled for political access, for their own safety, and for theirRead MoreThe Death Of A Woman1937 Words   |  8 Pagesdeath or torture – can be compared to the ways in which women are controlled now through the threat of, or actual, sexual violence. The continued escalation of violence against females can now even be seen as male backlash against feminism. The patriarchal culture results in male supremacy that terrorizes women who seek to fight back. Those who stepped out of line in early modern Europe were deemed to be witches, whereas today such women are deemed bitches – both getting what they de serve for challengingRead MoreA Brief Note On William Shakespeare s Hamlet 1134 Words   |  5 Pages Sagar Garg Mr. Wilson IB Literature and Language March 14th 2015 Written Task - Hamlet How and why is a social group represented in a particular way? Outline Paragraph #1 - Introduction Talk about background of play, date, author, major characters How women are represented in the play Women oppressed at the time period at which Hamlet was written in Introduce Ophelia and Gertrude Oppressed by the patriarchal society Paragraph #2 - Body Paragraph 1 - Gertrude Who is Gertrude Gertrude’s values

Putting Elderly Parents in Anursing Home - 1148 Words

Putting elderly parents in a nursing home verses keeping them at home. Theresa Burroughs Composition I – 6 Instructor: Elaine Childs January 1, 2010 There will almost absolutely come a day when your parents will need you. When this time comes, they will probably not admit that they need you or anyone else for that matter, but in reality, they will definitely need someone. If you look back to your childhood it’s quite similar to those days they had to care for you. They took care of your every need from bathing, feeding and dressing you appropriately. Those days you may not remember as well as they do but they happened. The days that they were responsible for you, unfortunately now they need the same care that they provided†¦show more content†¦Meals and transportation are also available to help retain independence. Home delivered meal programs can help ensure a proper diet for them. Adult day care and hospice are also options to help retain your elderly parent at home. Respite care is also available to you. They will send a trained person to care for your loved one so that you can run errands or take a vaca tion and have the break you may need [ (new york Life , October) ].So with many options to help retain your loved one at home it’s easy to see the benefits of keeping them at home as long as possible once you have assessed the cost to do so. The daily average cost of keeping a loved one at home with a paid caregiver is an average of $96.00 dollars a day and an average of $34,560 dollars a year [ (Kobrin, 2009) ]. Compared to a nursing home this is by far the cheaper option. But still with adding in the other options listed above this can be even cheaper if you do your research for your local area. By being head smart you can keep your elderly parent at home without watching everything they’ve worked for go down the drain. In ending choosing to keep your elderly parent at home is more than the right choice. In the long run it’s going to save them money and prolong their independence as long as possible. This is also your chance to give back to them all that you

Louis Pojman`s Perspective of Morality - 685 Words

As we all believe that there is no absolute right or wrong thing in our world. We judge things right or wrong simply base on some other things which are relatively right or wrong things. However, in our moral world, there do exist some rules that most of us would agree with and think it should be the moral thing such that everyone deserves to be respected. In this paper, I will discuss Louis Pojman`s perspective of view on the â€Å"Captive Pursuit†. In Louis Pojman`s â€Å"Who`s to Judge† article, he thinks that there do exist universally- accepted moral principles â€Å"based on a common human nature† and â€Å"a need to solve conflicts of interest and flourish†(Pojman 250). And he thinks while there are some relative differences when people act under the universally accepted moral guidelines, the morality itself is always the same in different societies. In the article, Pojman first talks about the ethical relativism which is that there is no â€Å"universally valid moral principle†. The principles are moral only because they are valid relative to the culture or individual choice. And he discuss the â€Å"diversity thesis† and â€Å"dependency thesis† of ethical relativism. The â€Å"diversity thesis† which claims that moral rules differ from society to society. Hence, there are no moral principles accepted by all societies. However, according to Pojman, there do have some moral rules accepted by all societies which are not considered to have objective status. On the other hand, the† dependency thesis† is thatShow MoreRelated Define Ethics And Social Responsibility Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesresponsibility. This essay will define about ethics,social responsibiliy and show how it is going on and how it is importance to manager and global business. So `Ethics or `morality; some people distinguish between ethics and morality: ethics is a standard of conduct for a particular group; morality is a more general standard) is one of those words in our language that we use every day but we find notoriously hard to define. Websters Dictionary defines ethics as 1. the study of standardsRead MoreDefine Ethics and Social Responsibility and Explain Why They Share Common Characteristics in an Organisational Setting. Identify Recent Examples Where Ethical Practices or Social Responsibility Have Not Occurred and the Implications for Stakehold...1651 Words   |  7 Pagessocial responsibility. This essay will define about ethics,social responsibiliy and show how it is going on and how it is importance to manager and global business. So `Ethics or `morality; some people distinguish between ethics and morality: ethics is a standard of conduct for a particular group; morality is a more general standard) is one of those words in our language that we use every day but we find notoriously hard to define. Websters Dictionary defines ethics as 1. the study of standardsRead MoreEssay on Should the Death Penalty be Abolished?3057 Words   |  13 Pagesto analysis, and critique information from evidence presented, and then determines without any doubt whether an individual is guilty or not guilty. The problem is most individuals come with a bias, and will make decisions from their own personal perspectives. And, unfortunately we have a criminal justice system that is flawed, and decisions are made on moral judgment instead of principle fairness. In society, it is expected that everyone is to follow the rules, and, when they are broken, we expect

Art Paintings

Question: Write an essay on Art Paintings? Answer: I have selected some very special paintings for the company and would like you to review them from my eyes. Three of them are from the Impressionist period which was a revolution in itself painted by oil on canvas and covering some of the main themes. Roses This is one of the most attractive and positive vibrational painting by Vincent Van Gogh called Roses 1890 in which most beautiful form of still life is portrayed. It is painting having a flower vase with white, and pink flowers in it and a lush green background. As far as its relation with the office is concerned, it can be placed near the garden wall present inside the office campus. It is exuberant and vibrant in terms of glory out of full blooming fresh roses. These flowers are significant of the birth and renewal. This can relate to the fresh flora and fauna of the garden. It will also signify freshness, renewal, positive energy, nature enlightens, zeal and exuberance. The historic significance relates with the Impressionist period of paintings depicting real life and a bend towards nature (Hayashi, 1998). It is healthy for the corporate environment to infuse the employees with positive and natural energy to do work on new projects. It will fill up the campus with life. The paintings green color is a symbol of fresh green spring time and the diagonal strokes further beautifies the painting. Allee of Chestnut Trees Another painting of Impressionist era can be Allee of Chestnut Tress painted by Alfred Sisley as an outcome of tranquility. The painting consists of a curved platform surrounded by a series of chestnut trees with blue sky and green grass flowing with the rhythm of the air. The painting depicts tempering of the bright sunlight by dappled shade of the tress. The artistic combination of colors have put much more life into the painting. This painting is relevant for the office to blend the internal monotonous and boring environment of the corporate culture with the freshness, newness and brightness of the outside world which abounds in bounties of natural and scenic beauty. It is a curved pathway significant of curves and challenges in the corporate life yet the trees stand still and undeterred to protect the land from the bright sunlight with the help of their shade. Leaders tend to manage and control their group and protect them from any potential challenge and hence it relates with the corporate culture. It shows a pleasant weather, crisp and pale blue sky and the green grass bending in the wind. It gives a sense of joy and sheer pleasure inside the office routine. It can be placed in the staircase complying with the line of stairs. Ice Floes Another relevant painting for the discussion room or meeting room of top management is Ice Floes by Claude Monet. This painting is hard to describe but beautiful to view as it blends a single color into different shades. It is about melting ice floes over frozen ice sheets. The painting capture effects of nature and showcases the problem of frozen river which slowly melts down. The beauty of the picture lies in different shades of white color being portrayed beautifully. The significance of the painting is to show the winter time clad in the lap of white snow. The painting can be placed inside the discussion room of experts for a strategic purpose to make them remind of the challenges and the ways to overcome them effectively. It is a mark that every problem has a solution and one can come up on to the solution with effective and innovative techniques. The simplicity of the painting makes it best matched with the seriousness and discipline of the discussion room. Post Impressionistic painting refers to independent artistic styles for incorporating emotions rather than optical impressions. Coconut sculpted in a face The picture selected can be in the form of the either a sculpture or a painting. The painting is named as coconut sculpted into a face made by Paul Gauguin and falling under the post Impressionistic domain of paintings. It is a brown colored painting having carvings into it. Basically it is a coconut into which a face is crafted in and the eyes protrude from the coconut giving it a lively form (Campbell, 2001).. This should be used as a sculpture to be put on the side table in the main waiting hall near the reception. It can add to the beauty of the place with a decent brown color and innovative concept. It can be placed in yet another wooden tray to add material to it. The significance of this coconut sculpted face can be a hard shell protected the employees of the company and adding to the beauty of the place. It is also personification of employees having a determined approach. Princeteau in his studio Another post Impressionistic painting selected for the company is Princeteau in his studio by Henri de Toulouse Lautrec. In this painting there is a man painting on the canvas showcasing abstract art in his room. It has vivid colors and a scripture of horse as his old work (Chauvet, 1996). It can be kept in the recreational room of the company campus in which it can placed on the front wall in entrance. The significance of this painting is that people can have freedom to pursue their personal interest and carry forward their hobbies on their personal terms. Every person has an opportunity to pursue any hobby irrespective of the position of the employee in the company. Sculpture of Ms. Schuffenecker Lastly we can select another sculpture of Ms. Schuffenecker by Paul Gauguin having a face of a woman sculpted in stone. It is beautifully sculpted in stone with high quality. It can be placed in the office cabinet of a woman who is in a top management position. It will signify the scenario of women empowerment. This sculpture of woman would infuse elements of courage and inspiration in women. References: 1. Haneishi, H., Hasegawa, T., Hosoi, A., Yokoyama, Y., Tsumura, N., Miyake, Y. (2000). System design for accurately estimating the spectral reflectance of art paintings. Applied Optics, 39(35), 6621-6632.2. Matre, H., Schmitt, F., Crettez, J. P., Wu, Y., Hardeberg, J. Y. (1996, January). Spectrophotometric image analysis of fine art paintings. In Color and Imaging Conference (Vol. 1996, No. 1, pp. 50-53). Society for Imaging Science and Technology.3. Lewis-Williams, J. D., Lewis-Williams, J. D. (2002). The mind in the cave: Consciousness and the origins of art. London: Thames Hudson.4. Coulson, D., Campbell, A. C. (2001). African rock art: paintings and engravings on stone. Harry N. Abrams, Inc.5. Chauvet, J. M., Chauvet, J. M. (1996). Dawn of Art. Harry N Abrams.6. Smith, A. (1996). The Victorian nude: sexuality, morality, and art. Manchester University Press.7. Miyake, Y., Yokoyama, Y., Tsumura, N., Haneishi, H., Miyata, K., Hayashi, J. (1998, December). Development of mult iband color imaging systems for recordings of art paintings. In Electronic Imaging'99 (pp. 218-225). International Society for Optics and Photonics.8. Yokoyama, Y., Tsumura, N., Haneishi, H., Miyake, Y., Hayashi, J., Saito, M. (1997, January). A new color management system based on human perception and its application to recording and reproduction of art paintings. In Color and Imaging Conference (Vol. 1997, No. 1, pp. 169-172). Society for Imaging Science and Technology.

Adopting changes with environmental problems in a modern day city

Question: How Do To Changes with Environmental Problems in a Modern Day City? Answer: Introduction: The word city is always been associated with planning, a habitat which offers more comfortable living than the rural areas. Urban planning is related to the planning permission, usage of environment, public welfare, and protection of environment as well as proper design of environment of an urban city (Mumford 1979).A city is also about a better communication system through a developed distribution networks and transportation (Hall 2014). The outline of the project deals with elevated drainage system of the ancient sights, the drainage and sanitation problem in the cities of Europe in the 17th and 18th century, the strategies applied and inventions for helping the situation. It also deals with the arrival of air air pollution in the industrial England in the second half of 19th century and the deliberate use of bicycles and pollution free vehicles to limit global warming and enhance better quality of air to breathe in. Thesis statement This purpose of this assignment is a discussion on the impact of environmental concerns on the history of urban planning and how these environmental concerns affected the urban planning. Over the years, urban population has considerably increased because of the availability of jobs and better facilities of living but along with this, the environmental problems have created havoc crises through this development. Humans have also invented and developed new ideas and technologies to overcome such situations. Urban planning and environment concern: The environmental problems like sanitation and water supply in the Middle Ages and in the eighteenth and nineteenth century cities and deforestation, air and water pollution. The discussion of urban planning and its enhancement with time according to the environmental crisis can only be understood if analysed for its genesis. The idea is to analyse the environmental problems and offered solutions by great experts in the history of urban planning. Owens argues that the entire world population is primarily divided into two parts across all continents and nations, rural and urban. Cities are artificial structures in the preexisting natural world. An urban life defines higher standard of living in terms of all basic amenities (Owens 1991). On the other hand, Hall states that thousands of cities have been eradicated, thousands been destroyed and demolished by foreign invasions, plagues or natural disasters; humans have risen above all to build bigger cities, which resulted into increase in urban population. Huge floods and earthquakes have caused eradication of several ancient urban civilizations according to various eminent historians. The ancient cities in Mesopotamia, Harappa, Egypt and Greece were mostly dependent on agriculture. The issues like deforestation and pollution never was a matter of concern in the ancient times. In that, period urban life developed with the sustenance of nature and not through the obliteration of it (Hall 1997). During the fourth millennium, B.C. there was an urgency of the "urban revolution". The cities were built around a large running water body for several reasons. A running water body like a sea, river or an ocean ensures connectivity, water and a constant source of food (fish and s hells and others). The cities like Babylon, Benaras or Athens were all built with this basic ideal structure. Owens mentions in his book that ancient civilizations like Maya and Inca had several communal waste burning activities in order to control the waste. The Greek and Roman cities also had several such communal festivals to for managing waste. Moreover, the controlled use of natural resources and reuse of metals and wool checked the rise in waste problems in city life in ancient period (Owens 1991). The idea of controlling the activities of a small mass of population in the early days of civilization was easier then. On the other hand, Bell and his brother states that the idea of sanitation must have faded with time in Europe. There are different types of diversity in the formation of urban city in the medieval period (1000-1500 C.E); small towns and cities were mostly mothered by a bishops see As stated by religious elements had been remained a crucial element throughout the history of urbanization(Bell and Bell 1972). If the idea of urban planning can be classified into two parts, before and after industrialization, the first period dealt with the problems of sanitation and drainage whereas the next period mainly deals with air pollution. A.E.J Morris discusses five thousand years of urban activity in his book, History of Urban Form before the Industrial Revolution. He mentions the unorganized growth of different cities, which is impossible to be controlled by any authority (Morris 2013). The unorganized or unplanned cities in the country grow limitlessly in different directions and by illegal means. This kind of extensive growth of a city might cause several environmental issues. According to Benevolo, basic environmental crisis in these cities was waste management and sanity. Most of these European cities had dirty streets and most of the people only had two pairs of clothes. According to great thinkers, these problems caused huge sanitation problems in those cities. The waste were either thrown in the city streets or into the river. This constantly played a catalyst in the increase in the number of rats in the cities. Hence, the plagues were a common problem in the medieval times. The European outbreak of plagues from Genoa, Venice to London, from 1300s to the 17th century is a known fact. These great plagues were the source of thousands of death around Europe (Benevolo 1980). Ashworth mentions in his book that until, the heavy industrialization of countries like England and Germany the rise of population was never been observed as a problem in human civilization. However, this is one of major problems of humanity today. In the eighteenth and nineteenth Century the invention of steam engines, flying shuttles, power loom, paper machines and many others have fastened the advancement of the human civilization by several miles. This enormous transformation caused a huge exodus of workers and artisans from villages to cities (Ashworth 1951). Farmers and peasants shifted their base to urban land with new dreams. According to recent studies, the cities like London and Berlin became heavily crowded and hence the creation of slums took place. While heavy industrialization provided jobs for many and wealth to some, it came with a price tag. Cherry displays the picture of industrialization through historical facts in his book. Pollution from coal powered factories turned the cities black. The problem of Pollution in London is not properly solved before 1950s when the great smog of London caused havoc hue and cry among the citizens. Since the First World War, the natural resources have been over used for greater productivity and that caused enormous economic boom with huge rise in population. The introduction of motor vehicles, larger industries had been producing enormous wastes in solid, liquid and gas (Cherry 1988). This has caused pollution and along with this the constant deforestation in search of habitat has become a hindrance in urban planning. The Planning of Cities in Ancient and Pre-Modern Times by considering environment concern: Benevolo states that issues like water conservation and water conservation and drainage has been part of the urban planning since the times of Harappa and Mesopotamia. The Great Bath in Mohenjo-Daro or the scaled drainage of Indus valley cities along with the water conservation sites in the outskirts of Hangzhou has proved the consciousness of human architecture towards the basic needs of human life. According to several archeologists, the population of those cities was limited to few thousands, perhaps those cities never faced such urban exodus as the present. Therefore, it was perhaps easier to maintain all the environmental issues but the lack of technological advancements in compared to today is also considered as the destruction of those cities. The modern and pre-modern cities were in a different state because of less industrialization and pollution. The connectivity and market were the major concerns. The building of proper roads helped in such problems and the building of wel ls and hand pumps helped in the availability of water (Benevolo 1980) According to Pound, the sanitation was the most severe problems in the middle age cities, various innovations were adopted for the betterment of the cities.The mention of the Great drains in eminent texts of the middle agesprovides clues about one technology cluster: diverse, useful water systems. These drainages system consisted of long distance conduits, collection basins, special places of distribution and well built hydrolytic technology (Pounds 2005). There were basically two big scale water technologies, urban and monastic. The Romans influenced these technologies. Planning of cities during 19thcentury by considering environment concern: The different ideas in the 18th and 19th century like land nationalization (Herbert Spencer), purchasing land at agricultural values (Thomas Spence) and planned colonization (Wakefield) were developed by several sociologists and archeologists to solve the problems of over populated cities. According to the greats, idea of the urbanization is formed by Halls book City in Civilization. As the industries of all the major cities were located in the major cities it caused chaos and maximum amount of pollution. Howard was concerned about air pollution the cities. The idea of Howard was to shift the industrial sectors and the labour colonies in the outskirts of the cities. Therefore, these cities were cleaner in areas and full of filth in the areas where the labourers lived (Hall 1998).The 19th century was marked by the industrialization, urbanization and immigration. Traffic jams, sanitation and health issues, growth of slums, noise and air pollution became prominent. In one of the largest cities like Tokyo there was huge problem of traffic and vehicle produced pollution. Since, the arrival of the bullet train in 1964 solved several of these problems. The bullet train service in Japan has not only enhanced the entire transport system but also has created a better living atmosphere in Japan. The fuel is much less biodegradable than the fossil fuels. Hence has helped to facilitate the urban society with lesser air pollution. Fishman had a different idea about urbanization. Fishman believed that heavy economic boom in America will also cause a population explotion and there should be new ideas of building a city. He believed that the people who resided in the city usually lived in rental apartments and houses meeting the minimum standards of living. Rapid growth in population and poor infrastructural facilities formed the American cities. In the late 19th century, the construction of railroad began. The skyscrapers were built mostly in Chicago and New York. Various innovations in the form of elevators and use of steel beams had begun. The steel beams replaced the heavy brick walls. The urban housing were made in different styles but the working class resided mostly in tenement houses while the middle class people resided mostly in apartments. The smaller cities had many apartments over various stores and shops that were usually occupied by the owners of small businesses. The residents used to pay rent, as they did not own any apartments until the cooperatives emerged in the New York City after the Second World War (Fishman 1977). Cherries observation about the basic middle class apartments, which provided central heating, efficient plumbing, lighting, elevators and maintenance men were different. There were lavish buildings too with single apartments on each floor. Various apartments were built near the lakes in Chicago, which used to remain cooler in summers and warmer in winters(Cherry 1988). Adopting changes with environmental problems in a modern day city Kostof mentioned in his book that in the 20th century, the larger cities became the major focus of the nation. The skyscrapers and the various tourist attractions became the centre of publicity. Chicago became the railroad centre of America and the New York City became the hub of trade, finance and communication. A series of reform began in America that involved reduction of wastes and corruption by coming up with compulsory education and innovations in administration. Municipal reference bureaus were set up in many cities that studied the administrative structure of the local governments. A five man commission comprising of experts was set up in order to rebuild the cities. (Kostof 1991). The concern of Bakleyabout the growing consciousness of environment and different types of innovative thoughts were based on his observation. This was the time when Garden city movement was introduced, which was brought from England (Bakley1975). The early 1900s were marked with the introduction of cars in the city. Considering the safety of the pedestrians, now the houses were developed towards the public path, which was earlier constructed along the streets. According to experts the production of agricultural chemicals has caused in the increase of pollution. This was the time when the financial management of the urban areas gained importance. Focus was laid on the clearance of slums and various urban redevelopment programs were implemented. With the invention of automobiles, the City Zoning Code was adopted that regulated the private industries. However, Freeston mentions that during the end of 1920s, the American economy collapsed that led to massive unemployment due to the rise of Great Depression. This situation forced the Government to put the public projects on hold. The federal government had built various dams that could provide cheaper electricity in order to empower the cities. There were many defaults in home mortgages during this period of Great Depression. With the advent of the Second World War, the development of the cities stopped for a while. However, the world war resulted in setting up of production units and industries in the suburban areas that were away from the cities. America suffered destruction in its industrial capacity (Freestone 1989). Bacon mentions about Edge cities in his book. The year 1958 was marked by the introduction of commercial jet aircraft. This gave way to the growth of Edge cities. This became the most preferred sites for research and development facilities, retail activities and corporate offices. Those were located near the sub urban areas(Bacon 1976). Therefore, it can be concluded that the 20th century in America was fueled by mass of immigrants into the urban areas and was marked by the technological innovations. Many of Bacons ideas were incorporated in Philadelphia. Especially his theory of Centre City and Cross town Expressway was useful. His ideas were about decreasing the traffic and pollution in the Philadelphia as a member of its urban development council. America was inspired by the White City vision with good municipal order. Hall mentions about the history of the white cities in his book. Afterwards it was molded by military confrontation and public control of private development (Hall 1998). In modern plan of urbanization, aspect of green city building has become very important for the society. Sir Ebenzer Howard propose a design of a green city to decipher the issues of pollution (Howard 1945). Howard wanted a maintained ration between the greeneries the constructions like houses and public places. Pepper argues that the biggest blot in the history of human civilization has been the problem of the climate change. The smoke of Pennsylvinia in 1948 and Donora air pollution was followed by various legal innovations. Pepper supported the Clean Air Act in 1970. The issue of global warming and growing pollution has questioned the ever advancing human race. The new cities are developing new technology to check the problems caused by the climate changes. The use of bi-cycles has reportedly increased in European cities like Edinburgh, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Paris and London. These cities have created special cycle roads. Many cities like Copenhagen has declared to bann all othe other fossil fuel vehicles in the core are of the cities. According to reports various major cities across Europe and North America has declared to build new cycle pathways. Even countries like India have created the longest cycle highway in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The bi-cycles are of two particular use, firs tly it is absolutely pollution free vehicle and secondly it is a smaller vehicle which negates the possibility of traffic jams in big cities. The traffic jams also cause a lot of noise and air pollutions. Many of the motor engines are kept on and this causes ill effects and contributes in the air pollution. Long before all this many have stated cycle as a solution to the pollution problems (Pepper 1984). Conclusion: In the last decade, the constant urbanization has been a cause to various respiratory and cardiac diseases around the world. The constant industrialization and setting up of the production units around the world has effected into the deterioration of the quality of life. The various state authorities have been adamant in taking various steps in order to create havoc changes in the city life. The introduction of renewal energy,decrease in the ground water level spreading awareness among common masses, the production of LED bulbs, use of new technologies to build pollution free vehicles and planting of trees around the city has been few major steps taken in order to solve the crisis. A green city is a better place to live in. The cities like Birmingham and Yorkshire has been historically in favour of the preservation of the trees in order to live a healthy life (Bell and Bell 1972). References: Ashworth, W. (1951) British Industrial Villages in the Nineteenth Century, Economic History Review, Vol. 3. Bacon, E (1976) Design of Cities, Thames and Hudson, London. Bakley, S. (1975) Unit 23: The Garden City.Open University Press, England. Bell, C. and Bell, R. (1972) City Fathers: The Early History of Town Planning in Britain, Pelican Books, London. Benevolo, L. (1980) The History of the City, Scolar Press, London Cherry, G. (1988) Cities and Plans, Edward Arnold, London. Fishman, R. (1977) Urban Utopias In The Twentieth Century: Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, chps. 1-4, MIT Press, Boston. Freestone, R. (1989) Model Communities: The Garden City Movement in Australia, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne. Hall, P. (1998) Cities in Civilisation, Pantheon Books, New York. Hall, T. (1997) From Hippodamus to Haussmann: Town Planning in a Historical Perspective, chp.2 in Hall, T. Planning Europes Capital Cities, Routledge, London. Howard, E. (1945) Garden Cities of To-morrow, Faber and Faber, London. Kostof, S. (1991) The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History, Bulfinch Press, New York. Morris, A. (2013) History of Urban Form: Before the Industrial Revolution, Routledge, London. Mumford, L. (1979) The City in History, Penguin Books, New York. Owens, E. (1991) The City in the Greek and Roman World, Routledge, London. Pepper, D. (1984) The Roots of Modern Environmentalism, 1st edition, Routledge, London. Pounds, N. (2005) The Medieval City, Greenwood Press, Westport on-line book